The alto sax is pitched in the key of Eb, smaller than the Bb tenor but larger than the Bb soprano.
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Bobby Read on
History of the alto sax
Invention
The alto saxophone was invented in 1841 by Belgian instrument maker Adolphe Sax, who aimed to create an instrument that would combine the projection of brass with the flexibility of woodwinds. Sax patented his invention in 1846. The saxophone family, which includes various sizes from soprano to baritone, was initially designed for use in military bands.
Design and construction
The alto saxophone is pitched in E♭ and has a smaller body than the tenor or baritone saxophones. It’s made of brass, like a brass instrument, but uses a single-reed mouthpiece similar to a clarinet, placing it in the woodwind family. The alto saxophone has a conical bore, which contributes to its warm, bright sound. It typically has a range of about two and a half octaves, with many modern models allowing for altissimo (extended range) notes.
Early adoption
Initially, the saxophone was incorporated into French military bands, and it later gained popularity in Europe. Its distinct sound, which stood out from other woodwinds and brass instruments, made it a valuable addition to large ensembles. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, saxophone use expanded to classical music, with composers like Claude Debussy and Maurice Ravel writing for the instrument in orchestral works.
Jazz revolution
The alto saxophone became especially prominent with the rise of jazz in the 1920s and 1930s. Its ability to produce both smooth melodies and sharp, fast improvisations made it a favorite among early jazz musicians. The instrument’s flexibility allowed for expression and creativity, which were essential to jazz.
Modern era
Over the years, the alto sax has found a home in many musical genres beyond jazz, including rock, R&B, and funk. It’s frequently used in concert bands, orchestras, and as a solo instrument.
Key characteristics
Size and pitch
The alto sax is larger than the soprano saxophone but smaller than the tenor and baritone. It is pitched in E♭, one of the reasons why it’s favored for solo performances, as it cuts through an ensemble with its clear, penetrating sound.
Tone
The alto saxophone’s tone can be warm and lyrical or edgy and bright, depending on how it is played. Its flexibility allows musicians to explore different sonic textures and moods, making it suitable for both mellow and energetic performances.
Role in different genres
Classical
While initially slow to be accepted in classical music, the alto sax has now become a staple in concert band and symphonic music. Many modern classical composers write specifically for the saxophone in solo and ensemble works.
Jazz
In jazz, the alto saxophone is one of the most important instruments, used for both melody and improvisation. Its agility and expressive range make it ideal for the complex, fast-paced demands of jazz music.
Popular Music
The alto sax has also been widely used in rock, pop, and R&B music, particularly in the mid-20th century, with saxophone solos becoming iconic in many hit songs.
Well-known alto saxophonists
Charlie Parker
Often considered the greatest alto saxophonist in jazz history, Charlie “Bird” Parker revolutionized the instrument in the 1940s with his virtuosic technique and innovative bebop improvisations. His influence on jazz and modern music is profound, and he is credited with elevating the status of the saxophone as a serious solo instrument.
Cannonball Adderley
A legendary figure in jazz, Cannonball Adderley played a crucial role in popularizing the alto sax in hard bop and soul jazz. His bluesy tone and expressive improvisation style made him one of the genre’s most beloved players.
Johnny Hodges
Known for his smooth, lyrical playing, Johnny Hodges was a key member of Duke Ellington’s orchestra. His ability to bend and shape notes gave his playing a vocal-like quality, influencing many saxophonists who followed.
Phil Woods
A major figure in modern jazz, Phil Woods was known for his bebop style and worked with many jazz greats, including Dizzy Gillespie and Quincy Jones.
Paul Desmond
The alto saxophonist for the Dave Brubeck Quartet, Paul Desmond had a lighter, more laid-back tone, which contrasted with the harder-edged playing of some of his contemporaries. His composition “Take Five” became one of the most famous jazz pieces ever recorded.