The tambourine is a handheld percussion instrument with jingles attached to its frame, often shaken or hit, used in various musical genres for rhythm and texture
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Tambourine: an overview
The tambourine is a versatile percussion instrument known for its distinctive jingling sound and rhythmic capabilities. It consists of a circular frame, usually made of wood or plastic, with pairs of small metal jingles or “zils” attached to it. The tambourine can be played in various musical styles, including folk, pop, classical, and religious music, making it a popular choice for many musicians worldwide.
Origins
The history can be traced back to ancient times. Variants of the instrument have been found in several cultures, suggesting a long-standing tradition of using frame drums with jingles for musical expression and ceremonial purposes.
The roots can be seen in instruments like the ancient Egyptian “timbrel,” which dates back to around 2000 BC. Timbrels were often associated with religious ceremonies and celebrations, played by both men and women. Similar instruments were also present in other cultures, such as the Middle Eastern “daff” and the Indian “dholak,” which played significant roles in regional music and festivities.
As the tambourine spread across different regions, it took on various forms and names. The Arabic influence on European music in the Middle Ages introduced the tambourine to Western musicians, where it began to gain popularity as a folk and dance instrument.
Development in Europe
During the Renaissance and Baroque periods, the instrument became increasingly popular in European classical music. It was often used to accompany dancers and add rhythmic support to musical performances. The instrument’s design also evolved, with the addition of different materials for the jingles and changes in frame construction.
In the 19th century, the tambourine gained a prominent place in orchestral music. Composers like Ludwig van Beethoven and Richard Wagner began incorporating the tambourine into their orchestral works, recognising its ability to provide unique colour and texture to musical compositions. Its use in orchestras marked a shift in perception, solidifying its status as an essential percussion instrument.
Modern usage and variations
Today, it is used in a wide range of musical styles, including pop, rock, jazz, and world music. Its adaptability and portability make it a favourite among musicians of all genres.
It can be played in several ways, including shaking, striking, or even finger rolls. Musicians often use their hands to produce varying sounds, combining the jingles’ rattling with the drum’s body to create rich rhythmic patterns.
There are various types available today, including:
Frame tambourine
The traditional tambourine with a circular frame and jingles, commonly found in folk and classical music.
Drumhead tambourine
This variation has a drumhead stretched across one side, allowing for a different tonal quality and resonance when struck.
Electronic tambourine
Modern technology has introduced electronic tambourines that can produce various sounds and effects, making them popular in contemporary music production.
In different cultures
The tambourine is not only prevalent in Western music but also has significant cultural importance in many other regions:
Middle Eastern music
The “daff” and “riq” are Middle Eastern variations, used in traditional folk and classical music. These instruments are often associated with religious ceremonies and celebrations.
Indian music
The “dholak” is a two-headed drum with jingles, similar in function. It is widely used in folk music and dance, especially during festivals and celebrations.
Latin music
In Latin American music, variations such as the “pandeiro” and “cajón,” are integral to many genres, including samba, salsa, and cumbia, contributing to the infectious rhythms of these musical styles.
Summary
The tambourine is a rich and dynamic percussion instrument with a history that spans cultures and centuries. From its ancient origins to its contemporary applications in various music genres, the tambourine has proven to be a versatile and beloved instrument. Its unique sound and rhythmic capabilities continue to inspire musicians worldwide, making it a staple in both traditional and modern musical settings.